This section will explore the sources of Mongol drive for the World Empire and particular attention will be given to the nomadic basis of Mongol tribes. The Mongols generated major changes within the framework of global history. We have long and rich history, however long story short:

 

 

ANCIENT TIMES
 

There are many traces of the ancient human race in territory of Mongolia, including archaeological discoveries in the white cave of Bayanlig and stone weapons found in the Uran Khairkhan hill of Baatsagaan somon, Bayankhongor aimag. According to these discoveries, it becomes likely that human being lived in the territory of Mongolia almost 700 thousand years ago. 

 

 

THE PERIOD OF THE HUNNU STATE
(Hunnu, 3rd century BCE - 2nd century CE)
 

Mongol, Turk and Jurchen races had been living in the Mongolian territory from ancient times. They alternatively ruled over each other. However the first politically organized community was the Hunnu State. It was the prototype of the states of Mongolia. According to the chronicles, there was a nomadic tribe Khu in the 5th century BCE. The people were engaged in animal husbandry and each tribe had its chief cleric. The confederation annexed 24 Hunnu aimags. Tumen was named the Khaan of the Hunnu. Tumen belonged to the aristocratic family of the Khian tribe. Tumen Khaan, induced by his young wife, made his son by his youngest wife, the heir to the throne. But his elder son Modun, assassinated both his father and his younger sibling and seized the throne in 209 BCE. The Hunnu State was not a merely Mongol State. It was the first organized State among the nomadic people of the Central Asia. Modun Khaan annexed the territories in the North and West. In 200 BCE he defeated the Chinese. In 198 BCE Modun Khaan concluded a treaty with the Hun State of China.

 

 

THE PERIOD OF THE CIANBI STATE (2nd - 4th centuries CE)
 

The South Hunnu was under a strong Chinese influence and the North Hunnu people moved farther to the North. The remaining 100 thousand families, or over 500 thousand Huns, joined the Cianbi people, who formed the Cianbi State. Tanishikhuai (136-181) played an important role in organizing and consolidating the Cianbi State. The Cianbi State was situated on the territory stretching from the lake of Baikal to the Chinese wall, and from the Korean peninsula to the Tarbagatai.

 

 

THE PERIOD OF THE JUJAN STATE
 

The Jujan State is related to the Cianbi people. Those were Mongolian speaking people. The State stretched on a vast territory of Mongolia, the western part of Manchuria and eastern part of the Uighur autonomous region, in the present Sing-zian. In the 5th century CE in the territory of the Jujan State there was the lake of Baikal in the North, Gobi and Chinese wall in the South, the Altai mountain range in the West and Korean peninsula in the East. The political center of the Jujan State was located at the foot of the Khangai Mountain.

 

 

THE PERIOD OF THE TURKISH STATE

The policy of the Turkish State was aimed at taking control over the great trade road. By 580's CE, the Turkish State expanded to annex numerous aimags with people of diverse nationalities. They defeated the Ephtalit State in the West and subdued the Kirghiz people living in the Enisei basin of Siberia in the North. During the period of the Turkish State its territory expanded to reach the Korean peninsula. By the end of 4th century CE, the Turkish State was divided into the eastern and western parts. And Uighur people, who were a part of the Turkish State, defeated the eastern Turkish State in 745 CE. Thus the Uighur State became the successor of the Turkish State.

 

 

THE PERIOD OF THE UIGHUR STATE
 

The Uighur State adopted and pursued on the policy of the Turkish State. During this period the Uighur State controlled the great trade road from China to the Middle East.

 

 

THE PERIOD OF THE KITAN STATE
 

Between the 10th-12th centuries, the Kitans took over. They lived in the basin of the Liao river at the eastern foothills of the Khyangan Mountains. The Elui tribe ruled the Kitan State. In 901 Ambagyan of the Elui tribe ascended the throne. The Kitan State occupied the southeast of the Mongolian territory in 924, Bahain and 16 regions in the North of China in 936. However, intertribal discords and feuds undermined the strength of the Kitan State. At the end of 1120's, the Kitan State collapsed.

 

 

THE PERIOD OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
 

FORMATION OF MONGOL KHANLIGS

 

At the beginning of the 12th century, due to various developments in the Mongolian society, several Khanates, or small Kingdoms were formed. Khanates of Khereyids and Naimans were located in the basin of the three rivers and Altai Mountains. Confederation of three Merkid Khanates stretched along the Selenge river in the North. There was  big Khanate of Tatar tribes by the lake of Buir in the East. The Onggud tribal confederation was situated in the South of Mongolia. All Mongol Khanlig was set up in 1130's, in the form of confederation of Khanates. Khabula, a descendant of a noble Mongol Dynasty, became the first Khaan of the All Mongol Khanlig. After his death, Khabula Khaan's grandson Yesugei ruled the Mongol Khanlig. Years of discord and ruthless feuds followed Yesugei's death in 1170. Confederation of Khanates fell apart. In the long and grue1ing battle for power one man distinguished himself as a man of remarkable will, intelligence and leadership talent. Temujin, the son of Yesugei and great-grandson of Khabula Khaan, was the man, who was able to unite the Mongol tribes and revive the confederation of All Mongol Khanligs.

 

FORMATION OF THE GREAT MONGOL STATE

Temujin became the Khaan of All Mongols, and the title "Chinggis Khaan" was conferred upon him. By 1205 All Mongol Khanates had been subjugated by Chinggis Khaan. At the Huraltai (Assembly of Mongol States), held in 1206, it was proclaimed that the peoples of Mongolian ancestry had been united. Chinggis Khaan acsended the throne of the united Mongol States to become the Great Mongol Emperor.

 

 

THE MONGOL EMPIRE
 

The Great Empire of Mongols was founded by Chinggis Khaan. The Mongol Empire reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing most of Asia and extending westward to the Eastern Europe. Chinggis Khaan was a remarkable military leader, strategist and a wise statesman. He passed away at the age of 66. Chinggis Khaan left to posterity a powerful and unconquerable Empire, as well as pride and grateful memories of himself. After the death of Chinggis Khaan, his son Ogodei became the Khaan of the Mongol Empire. Ogodei reigned from 1228 to 1241. The Mongol Empire expanded to comprise northern China, Turkestan, Middle East, Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus and Iran. Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khaan, reached Hungary Poland and Moravia in 1241-1242. Another grandson of Chinggis Khaan - Kubilai Khaan - conquered the whole territory of China and became the founder of the Mongol Dynasty in China. The Mongol Empire existed for almost 150 years, up to the end of the 14th century.

 

 

MONGOLIA FROM THE 14th TO THE 16th CENTURIES
 

The Mongol Empire declined at the end of the 14th century. Nevertheless, the Mongol Empire remained in the form of confederation. It controlled the territory stretching from the Khyangan Mountains in the East, up to the Irtish and Enisei rivers, from Tengri Mountain in the North, the Great Wall of China in the South. The last Emperor of the Mongol Dynasty was Togugan Timor. In the early 15th century, Mongolia was divided into two separate parts, which led to further breakup of the Empire. Dayan Khaan( 1464-1543) ascended the throne in 1470. His efforts aimed at reunification of All the Mongols had failed.

 

 

MONGOLIA FROM THE 17th TO THE 19th CENTURIES
 

The period that started from the end of the 15th century and lasted for nearly 3 centuries, can be referred to as era of the Manchu domination in Asia. The Manchu was a highly militaristic State, that attacked and subjugated Mongolia. Ligden, the great grandson of Batu-Mongke Dayan Khaan, who was the last direct descendant of Chinggis Khaan, was defeated. The Manchu tyranny was to last up to the 20th century.

 

 

MONGOLIA BY THE EARLY 1900s: THEOCRATIC STATE

 

After many attempts to restore independence of Mongolia had failed, Mongolians, desperate to throw off the Manchus, appealed to Russia for aid. In 1911, a meeting was convened in Jikhe Khuree (present Ulaanbaator), at which the 8th Bogd, the Grand Lama, and noble men from the Inner Mongolia decided to send a delegation to Russia. Bogda Javjandamba became a monarch, and declared independence of Mongolia. In 1914, three-party talks to include delegations from Mongolia, Russia and China, were launched. These talks, known as Khyagta meeting, dealt with the political status of Mongolia. As a result of these talks, a tripartite agreement was reached, according to which Mongolia was split up, to form Outer Mongolia and Inner Mongolia but remained independent.

 

 

REVOLUTIONARY EVENTS OF 1919-1921

 

Russia's revolution of 1917 had a great impact on events in Mongolia. Russian Czarist General G. Semenov initiated a conference, at which the formation of pan-Mongolia confederation was declared. The confederation was to consist of Inner and Outer Mongolia, Barga and Buryat Mongolia. Mongolian government was not represented at this conference. Nevertheless, Chinese military troops, headed by General Hsu-Shi-Chang, were deployed in Jikhe Khuree. Mongolia's autonomy was abolished in November, 1919. Revolutionary events in Russia inspired spontaneous uprisings in Mongolia. Two underground political groups were formed, which in June of 1920 were organized into the People's Party of Mongolia. One of the leaders of the liberation movement - D.Sukhbaatar - formed the people's army of Mongolia and liberated Jikhe Khuree from Baron Ungern, in July 1921. By 1922, the entire territory of Mongolia was free from foreign occupation, and the people's government was formed.

 

 

YEARS OF POLITICAL REPRESSION (1924-1939)

 

In 1920s, after the death of the Bogd Khaan, Mongolia had a real alternative to repressions and executions that followed the revolutionary events. The idea of development along the path of national democracy was extremely popular among many leaders of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP) and government. In August of 1924, the third Congress of the MPP adopted a communist type program, thus condemning the country to many years of political terrorism and later on stagnation and political inertia. The first Deputy Prime Minister S. Danzan and others, who stood in opposition to the majority's views, were executed. This marked the beginning of witch hunting in Mongolia. Many prominent leaders, including the Prime Minister B. Tserendorj, Deputy Prime Minister A. Amar, Chairman of the MPP's Central Committee, and T. Tseveen fall victims to Stalinist type repressions. Repressions against religion and lamas were especially severe. Between 1937-1939 years, over 700 temples and monasteries were destroyed,' and over 17,000 lamas and monks executed. Political massacre continued up to 1941.

 

 

MONGOLIA DURING THE II WORLD WAR

 

In 1930s, when fascism in Europe and Asia became a real threat, Mongolia signed a Protocol with the Soviet Union, on rendering military assistance in case of insult by a third country. Undeclared war started on 28 May 1939, when Japanese troops attacked Mongolia's borders in the area of the Khakhyn-Gol. Pursuant to the provisions of the Protocol, Soviet troops were brought up to the border, and Mongolian-Soviet joint forces stopped the invader in August, 1939. The tripartite negotiations held between Mongolia, Soviet Union and Japan in 1940, settled the border disputes. When in June 1941 the Nazist Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Mongolia offered a helping hand to the Soviet people. Domestic resources were mobilized and sent as aid to the Soviet Red Army. At the Yalta conference held in February, 1945, the leaders of the Soviet Union, USA and UK agreed to the existing status quo with regards to the Outer Mongolia.

 

YEARS OF SOCIALISM

 

After the II World War, Mongolia adopted the Soviet five-year-plan pattern in the economic policy. In 1958, 99.7 percent of the country's total livestock was nationalized. In 1960, the Constitution was revised to proclaim a single political party monopoly, single form of property and communist ideology.

Mongolia remained one of the most closed countries in the world up until 1990s. Politically, the country was a satellite of the Soviet system. Economically, Mongolia was heavily dependent on Russian subsidies. Distortions in the economy and inefficient governance brought the country to social, economic and political stagnation.

 

 

MONGOLIA ON THE PATH OF DEMOCRACY

 

With the brake-up of the socialist system, deep political and economic reforms were launched in Mongolia to mark the beginning of the country's transition from a centrally planned system to a market economy. Mongolia adopted democratic norms and principles through introduction of multi-party, parliamentary system. In 1990s, for the first time in the country's history, democratically elected government approved the program for transition towards the market. Privatization of the state-owned property and the policy of liberalization were launched. Mongolia declared the policy of open doors. Since 1991, the government of Mongolia has been pursuing on a program of economic stabilization.